Latin Reference Texts

The "Required" Vocabulary in Wheelock Chapters 1-22

NOTE: Mirrored from a collection of resource materials from a University of Toronto classics course which is no longer available online.

This resource is based upon a wordlist compiled by Blair Haarlow, October 1995-March 1996. It was sorted according to grammatical categories by Bob Kaster and posted on the web. The vocabulary for Chapters 1.-22 was isolated, corrected and converted again into HTML by Gottskalk Jensson. The present list contains all the vocabulary that you will be required to learn by the time you finish Chapter 22 in Wheelock's Latin (5th. ed.), i.e., the items that appear in the vocabulary lists of each chapter, not the supplementary vocabulary given with the sentences in "Practice and Review" and "Sententiae Antiquae." The list is subdivided according to parts of speech (Verbs, Nouns, etc.), and each part of speech is further subdivided according to certain characteristic features (the conjugations, in the case of verbs; the declensions in the case of nouns and adjectives, etc.).
   

Table of Contents  

Verbs:	1st Conjugation	2nd Conjugation	3rd Conjugation	4th Conjugation	Irregular and Defective Verbs
Nouns:	1st Declension	2nd Declension	3rd Declension	4th Declension	5th Declension	Indeclinable Nouns
Pronouns:	Personal	Demonstrative and Intensive	Relative and Interrogative	Indefinite
Adjectives:	1st and 2nd Declension	3rd Declension	Indeclinable Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions:	Co-ordinating	Subordinating
Prepositions:	+ ablative	+ accusative	+ ablative or accusative

 

perfect marked by -âvî
amô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to love, like
appellô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to call, name
cênô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to dine
cogitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to think, ponder, consider, plan
conservô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to preserve, maintain (stronger form of servo)
creô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to create
culpô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to blame, censure
dêlectô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to delight, charm, please
dêmonstrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to point out, show
dêsiderô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to desîre, long for, miss
errô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to wander, err, go astray, mistaken
laborô,-âre, -âvî, -âtum to labor, be in distress
laudô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to praise
lîberô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to free, liberate
mutô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to change, alter; exhcange
navigô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to sail, navigate
necô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to murder, kill
parô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to prepâre, provide, get, obtain
pronuntiô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to proclaim, announce, declaim, pronounce
recitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to recite, read aloud
satiô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to satisfy, sate
servô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to preserve, save, keep, guard
superô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to be above, surpass; overcome, conquer
tolerô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to bear endure
vîtô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to avoid, shun
vocô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to call, summon

-âvî lacking as marker of perfect
adiuvô, adiuvâre, adiûvî, adiûtum to help, aid
dô, dare, dedî, datum to give, offer
iuvô, iuvâre, iûvî, iûtum to help, aid, assist, please
stô, stare, stetî, statum to stand, stand still, firm

perfect marked by -uî/-vî
careô, carêre, caruî, caritûrus to be without, be deprived of; be free from (+ abl.)
contineô, continêre, continuî, contentum to hold together, contain, keep, restrain
dêbeô, dêbêre, dêbuî, dêbitum to owe: ought, must
dêleô, dêlêre, dêlêvî, dêlêtum to destroy, wipe out, erase
doceô, docêre, docuî, doctum to teach
habeô, habêre, habuî, habitum to have, hold, possess, consider, regard
moneô, monêre, monuî, monitum to remind, advise, warn
prohibeô, prohibêre, prohibuî, prohibitum to keep (back), prohibit, restrain
teneô, tenêre, tenuî, tentum to hold, keep, possess; restrain
terreô, terrêre, teruî, territum to frighten, terrify
timeô, timêre, timuî to fear, to be afraid of, be afraid
valeô, valêre, valuî, valitûrum to be strong, have power, be well

perfect marked by -sî
iubeô, iubêre, iussî, iussum to bid, order, command
maneô, manêre, mansî, mansum to remain, stay (behind) abide, continue
remaneô, remanêre, remansî, remansum to remain, stay (behind) abide, continue

perfect marked by lengthened root-vowel
moveô, movêre, môvî, môtum to move; arouse, affect
videô, vidêre, vîdî, vîsum to see; observe, understand (pass. = videor,
vidêrî, vîsus, vîsus sum = to be seen , seem, appear)

semi-deponent verb
audeô, audêre, ausus sum to dare

perfect marked by -uî/-vî
alô, alere, aluî, altum to nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherish
cupiô, cupere, cupîvî, cupîtum to desîre, wish, long for
êripiô, êripere, êripuî, êreptum to snatch away, take away; rescue
misceô, miscere, miscuî, mixtum to mix
rapiô, rapere, rapuî, raptum to seize, snatch, carry away

perfect marked by -sî (sometimes disguised)
âmittô, âmittere, âmîsî, âmissum to lose, let go
admittô, admittere, admîsî, amissum to admit, receive, let in
dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictum to say tell, speak; name, call
dîligô, dîligere, dîlêxî, dîlêctum to esteem, love
discêdô, discêdere, discessî, discessum to go away, depart
dûcô, dûcere, dûxî, ductum to lead; consider, regard; prolong
fluô, fluere, flûxî, fluxum to flow
gerô, gerere, gessî, gestum to carry, carry on, manage, conduct, perfrom
intellegô, intellegere, intellexî, intellêctum to understand
iungô, iungere, iûnxî, iûnctum to join
mittô, mittere, mîsî, missum to send, let go
neglegô, neglegere, neglêxî, neglêctum to neglect, disregard
regô, regere, rêxî, rêctum to rule, guide direct
scrîbô, scrîbere, scrîpsî, scrîptum to write, compose
trahô, trahere, trâxî, tractum to draw, drag, derive
vîvô, vîvere, vîxî, vîctum to live

perfect marked by lengthened root-vowel
agô, agere, êgî, actum to drive, lead, dô, act
capiô, capere, cêpî, captum to take, capture, seize, get
cernô, cernere, crêvî, crêtum to distinguish, discern, perceive
êiciô, êicere, êiêcî, êiectum to throw out, drive out
faciô, facere, fêcî, factum to make, do, accomplish
fugiô, fugere, fûgî, fugitum to flee, hurray away, avoid, shun
iaciô, iacere, iêcî, iactum to throw, hurl
incipiô, incipere, incêpî, inceptum to begin
legô, legere, lêgî, lêctum to pick out, choose; read
relinquô, relinquere, relîquî, relictum to leave behind, leave, abandon, desert
vincô, vincere, vîcî, victum to conquer, overcome

perfect marked by reduplication of root
cadô, cadere, cecidî, casum to fall
currô, currere, cucurrî, cursum to run, rush, move quickly
discô, discere, didicî to learn
tangô, tangere, tetigî, tactum to touch

no vowel-shift or tense-marker in the perfect
dêfendô, dêfendere, dêfendî, dêfensum to ward off, defend, protect




Fourth Conjugation





perfect marked by -uî/-vî
audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtum to hear, listen to
sciô, scîre, scîvî, scîtum to know

perfect marked by -sî
sentiô, sentîre, sensî, sensum to feel, perceive, think, experience

perfect marked by lengthened root-vowel
inveniô, invenîre, invênî, inventum to come upon, find
veniô, venîre, vênî, ventum to come

coepî, coepisse, coeptum began; used only in the perfect system (incipio)
inquit he says or said after direct quotation
ôdî, ôdisse, ôsûrum to hate
possum, posse, potuî to be able, can could, have power
sum, esse, fuî, futûrum to be, exist
tollô, tollere, sustulî, sublâtum to raise, lift up; take away, remove, destroy

feminine
adulescentia, -ae youth
amîca, -ae friend
amîcitia, -ae friendship
aqua, -ae water
Asia, -ae Asia
casa, -ae house
causa, -ae cause, reason; case, situation (causâ, abl. with a preceeding gen., for
the sake of, on account of)
copia, -ae abundance, supply
culpa, -ae fault, blame
cûra, -ae care, attention, caution, anxiety
discipula, -ae learner, pupil
fâma, -ae rumor, report; fame reputation
familia, -ae household, family
fêmina, -ae woman
fenestra, -ae window
fîlia, -ae daughter
fôrma, -ae form, shape; beauty
fortûna, -ae fortune, luck
Graecia, -ae Greece
gratia, -ae gratitude, favor (gratias agere + dative = to thank)
hôra, -ae hour, time
îra, -ae anger
littera, -ae a letter of the alphabet (in plur. = a letter (epistle), literature)
medica, -ae doctor
mora, -ae delay, pause, hesitation
nâtûra, -ae nature
patientia, -ae suffering, patience, endurance
patria, -ae fatherland, native land, country
pecûnia, -ae money
philosophia, -ae philosphy
poena, -ae penalty, punishment
porta, -ae gate, entrance
puella, -ae girl
regîna, -ae queen
Rôma, -ae Rome
rosa, -ae rose
sapientia, -ae wisdom
scientia, -ae knowledge
sententia, -ae feeling, thought, opinion, vote, sentence
terra, -ae earth, ground, land, country
Trôia, -ae Troy
turba, -ae crowd, uproar, disturbance
via, -ae way, road, street
victôria, -ae victory
vîta, -ae life; mode of life

feminine, plural only
dîvitiae, - ârum riches, wealth
insidiae, - ârum ambush, plot, treachery

masculine
agricola, -ae farmer
nauta, -ae sailor
poêta, -ae poet

masculine nouns in -(i)us
animus, -î soul, spirit, mind (animi, -orum high spirits, pride, courage)
annus, -î year
coniûrâtus, -î conspirator
deus, deî god (dî = nom. pl., dîs = abl. pl. : deî deîs common in later Latin)
discipulus, -î learner, pupil
fîlius, -ii son
Graecus, -î a Greek
libellus, -î little book
locus, -î place (locî, -ôrum = passages in literature; loca, -ôrum [n.] = places)
lûdus, -î game, sport; school
medicus, -î doctor
modus, -î measure, bound, limit; manner, method, mode, way
morbus, -î disease, sickness
mundus, -î world, universe
numerus, -î number
oculus, -î eye
populus, -î the people, a people, a nation
tyrannus, -î absolute ruler, tyrant
vîcînus, -î neighbor
vulgus, -î the common people, mob, rabble

masculine nouns in -(e)r
ager, agrî field, farm
liber, librî book
magister, magistrî schoolmaster, teacher, master
puer, puerî boy
vir, virî man, hero

neuter nouns in -(i)um
argûmentum, -î proof, evidence, argument
bellum, -î war
beneficium, -iî benefit, kindness; favor
caelum, -î sky heaven
consilium, -iî plan, purpose, counsel, advice, judgement, wisdom
dônum, -î gift, present
exitium, -iî destruction, ruin
factum, -î deed, act, achievement
ferrum, -î iron; sword
iûdicium, -iî judgement, decision, opinion; trial
officium, -iî duty, service
otium, -iî leisure, peace
perîculum, -î danger, risk
principium, -iî beginning
remedium, -iî cure, remedy
signum, -î sign, signal, indication, seal
studium, -iî eagerness, zeal, pursuit, study
verbum, -î word
vitium, -iî fault, crime, vice

feminine nouns in -tâs
cîvitâs, -tâtis state, citizenship
cupiditâs, -tâtis desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avarice
lîbertâs, -tâtis liberty
probitâs, -tâtis uprightness, honesty
vêritâs, -tâtis truth
voluptâs, -tâtis pleasure

feminine nouns in -io
ratio, -tionis reckoning, account; reason, judgement, consideration

feminine nouns in -ûs
salûs, salûtis health, safety; greeting
senectûs, -tûtis old age
servitûs, -tûtis servitude, slavery
virtûs, -tûtis manliness, courage, excellence, character, worth, virtue

feminine nouns in -x
lêctrix, lêctricis reader
pâx, pâcis peace

feminine nouns denoting female persons
mâter, mâtris mother
soror, sorôris sister
uxor, uxôris wife
virgô, virginis maiden, virgin

miscellaneous feminine nouns
laus, laudis praise, glory, fame
vîs, - force; strength (in pl.) [an irregular noun: see Wheelock, pp. 89-90]

masculine nouns in -or
amor, amôris love
auctor, auctôris increaser, author, originator
labor, labôris labor, work, toil; a work, production
scrîptor, scrîptôris author, writer
timor, timôris fear

masculine nouns denoting (generally) male persons
adulêscêns. adulêscêntis young man
Caesar, Caesaris Caesar
frâter, frâtris brother
fûr, fûris thief
iûdex, iûdicis judge, juror
pater, patris father
rêx, rêgis king

miscellaneous masculine nouns
homô, hominis human being, man
môns, montis mountain
môs, môris habit, custom, manner; character (pl.)

neuter nouns in -en, -inis
carmen, carminis song, poem
flûmen, flûminis river
nômen, nôminis name

neuter nouns in -us, -eris
genus, generis origin, kind, sort, class
scelus, sceleris evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness

neuter nouns in -us, -oris
corpus, corporis body, corpse
tempus, temporis time; occasion, opportunity

miscellaneous neuter nouns
caput, capitis head, leader; beginning; life; heading; chapter
iûs, iûris right, justice, law

i-stems feminine
ars, artis art, skill
auris, auris ear
gens, gentis clan, race, nation, people
mêns, mentis mind, thought, intention
mors, mortis death
nâvis, nâvis ship, boat
nûbes, nûbis cloud
pars, partis part, share; direction
urbs, urbis city

masculine
cîvis, cîvis citizen
fînis, fînis end, limit, boudary, purpose; territory (plu.)
hostis, hostis enemy; the enemy (plu.)
ignis, ignis fire

neuter
animal, animâlis animal
exemplar, exemplâris example, model
mare, maris sea

masculine
fructus, fructûs fruit, profit, enjoyment
metus, metûs fear, dread anxiety
senâtus, senâtûs senate
sensus, sensûs feeling, sense
spiritus, spiritûs breath, breathing; spirit, soul
versus, versûs line of verse

feminine
manus, manûs hand, band; handwriting

neuter
cornû, cornûs horn
genû, genûs knee

feminine
fidês, fideî faith, trust, trustworthiness, fidelity, promise, guarantee, protection
rês, reî thing, matter, business, affair (rês publica, reî publicae = commonwealth,
republic)
spês, speî hope

masculine
diês, diêî day

nihil nothing (+ partitive gen. = "nothing of . . ." = "no . . .")
satis enough (+ partitive gen. = "a sufficiency of . . ." = "enough . . .")
all infinitives

Personal
ego, meî I
tû, tuî you (sing.)
nôs, nostrum / nostrî we
vôs, vestrum / vestrî you (plur.)
is, ea, id he, she, it (also serves as a weak demonstrative, "this that,"
especially in correlation with relative clauses)
--, suî, sibi, sê, sê him/her/itself (reflexive 3rd person pronoun: Chapter 13)

Demonstrative and Intensive
hic, haec, hoc this man / woman / thing [right here] (also serves as an adjective)
ille, illa, illud that man / woman / thing [over there] (also serves as an adjective)
iste, ista, istud that man / woman / thing [near you / of yours], that no-good,
rotten man / woman / thing (also serves as an adjective)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum he himself, she herself, it itself (also serves as an adjective)
îdem, eadem, idem the same man / woman / thing (also serves as an adjective)

Relative and Interrogative
quî, quae, quod who / which
quis, quid who? / what? (adjectival form = quî, quae, quod)

Indefinite
quisque, quidque each person / thing

"regular" -us, -a, -um adjectives
acerbus, -a, -um harsh, bitter, grevious
aequus, -a, -um level, even; calm; equal, just; favorable
amîcus, -a, -um friendly
antîquus, -a, -um ancient, old-time
avârus, -a, -um greedy, avaricious
beâtus, -a, -um happy, fortunate, blessed
bonus, -a, -um good, kind
caecus, -a, -um blind
cârus, -a, -um dear
clârus, -a, -um clear, bright; renowned, famous, illustrious
doctus, -a, -um taught, learned, skilled
fortûnâtus, -a, -um lucky, fortunate, happy
Graecus, -a, -um Greek
hûmânus, -a, -um pertaining to man, human, humane, kind, refined, cultivated
incertus, -a, -um uncertain, doubtful
iûcundus, -a, -um pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing
Latînus, -a, -um Latin
longus, -a, -um long
magnus, -a, -um large, great, important
malus, -a, -um bad, wicked, evil
medius, -a, -um middle; used partitively, the middle of
multus, -a, -um sing.: much, a lot; plur.: many
novus, -a, -um new; strange
parvus, -a, -um small, little
paucî, -ae, -a few, a few (plural)
perpetuus, -a, -um perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted, continuous
plênus, -a, -um full
Rômânus, -a, -um Roman
salvus, -a, -um safe, sound
sânus, -a, -um sound, healthy, sane
secundus, -a, -um second; favorable
stultus, -a, -um foolish
vêrus, -a, -um true, real, proper

possessive adjectives
meus, -a, -um my
noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours
tuus, -a, -um your (sing.)
vester, vestra, vestrum yours (pl.)
suus, -a, -um his/her/its/their own (reflexive poss. adj of 3rd per.)

other 1st-2nd decl. adjectives with masc. nom. sing. in -er
asper, aspera, asperum rough, harsh
dexter, dextra, dextrum right, right-handed
lîber, lîbera, lîberum free
miser, misera, miserum wretched, miserable, unfortunate
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful, handsome; fine
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum left, left-handed

1st-2nd decl. adjectives with gen. sing. in -îus, dat. sing. in -î
ûllus, -a, -um any
nûllus, -a, -um not any, no, none
ûnus, -a, um one
sôlus, -a, -um alone, only, the only
neuter, neutra, neutrum not either, neither
alter, altera, alterum the other (of two), second
uter, utra, utrum either, which (of two)
tôtus, -a, -um whole, entire
alius, -a, -ud (an)other

adjectives with 3 nom. sing. endings
âcer, âcris, âcre sharp, keen, eager, severe, fierce
celer, celeris, celere swift, quick, rapid

adjectives with 2 nom. sing. endings
brevis, -e short, small, brief
commûnis, -e common, general
difficilis, -e hard, difficult, troublesome
dulcis, -e sweet, pleasant, agreeable
facilis, -e easy, agreeable
fortis, -e strong, brave
levis, -e light, slight, trivial, easy
mortâlis, -e mortal
omnis, -e every, all

adjectives with 1 nom. sing. ending
fêlix, fêlicis (gen.) lucky, fortunate, happy
ingens, ingentis (gen.) huge
potens, potentis (gen.) able, powerful
senex, senis (gen.) old, aged (as noun: old man)

Indeclinable
cardinal numbers higher than tres / tria (but note milia, milium = "thousands")

of emphasis / qualification / negation
etiam even, also
nôn not
quoque also, too
tamen nevertheless, still

of quality / quantity
acriter keenly
bene well
celeriter quickly
facile easily
fêliciter happily
fortiter bravely
lîberê freely
longê far
magnopere greatly
malê badly
multum much
nimis, nimium too, too much, excessively
parum little
pulchrê beautifully
sapienter wisely, more, most
satis enough, sufficiently (also indecl. noun)

of time / space / sequence
cito quickly
crâs tomorrow
deinde thereupon, next, then
diû for a long time
heri yesterday
hodiê today
iam now, already; soon
ibi there
iterum again, a second time
numquam never
nunc now, at present
nûper recently
olim at that time, once, formerly; in the future
prîmum in the first place
prius before, earlier, previously
prôtinus immediately
quondam formerly, once
saepe often
semper always
tum then, at that time, thereupon

interrogative adverbs
cur why
-ne (enclitic interrogative, marks question when attached to first word in clause)
quam how (+ adj. or adv.)?
quandô when
quârê wherefore, why
ubi where?

exclamatory interjections
quam how (+ adj. or adv.)!

co-ordinating conjunctions (linking words, phrases, or clauses at the same level of syntax)
at but [emphatic; links full clauses only]
atque, ac and, and also, and even
aut (aut . . . aut) or (either . . . or)
autem however, moreover (postpositive; links full clauses only)
enim for, in fact, truly (postpositive; links full clauses only)
et (et...et) and (both...and)
igitur therefore, consequently (postpositive; links full clauses only)
itaque and so, therefore (links full clauses only)
nam for (links full clauses only)
neque, nec and not, nor (neque. . . neque / nec. . . nec = neither . . .nor)
quam than (w/ comparatives)
-que (enclitic) and
sed but

subordinating conjunctions (introducing dependent clauses)
dum while, as long as, at the same time that [+ indic.]; until [+subj.]
nisi if. . . not, unless; except
quod because
quoniam since, because
sî if
ubi where, when
unde whence, from what or which place, from which, from where

+ ablative
â/ ab away from, from; by (personal agent, use with passive verbs)
cum with (as prefix - com-, con-, cor-, col-, co- = together)
dê from, concerning, about
ex / ê out of, from; by reason of, on account of
prô in front of, before, on behalf of, in return for, instead of, as, for
sine without

+ accusative
ad to, up to, near to
ante before, in front of (as adv. = before, previously)
contrâ against
inter between, among
per through, thoroughly, very, completely (as prefix: per, pel-)
post after, behind (also a prefix)
propter on account of, because of
trans across
ultrâ on the other side, beyond (as adverb = beyond)

+ ablative or accusative
in in, on (+ abl.); into, onto, toward, against (+ acc. w/ motion)
sub under (+ abl. with verbs denoting no change of place; + acc. with verbs of
motion)