Latin Reference Texts
The "Required" Vocabulary in Wheelock Chapters 1-40
NOTE: Mirrored from course materials from a course at the University
of Chicago Department of Classics which are no longer available
online.
The following list contains all the vocabulary that you will be required to learn by the time you finish Chapter 40 in Wheelock's Latin (that is, the items that appear in the lists at the end of each chapter, not the supplementary vocabulary given with the sentences in "Practice and Review" and "Sententiae Antiquae"). The list is subdivided according to parts of speech (Verbs, Nouns, etc.), and each part of speech is further subdivided according to certain characteristic features (the conjugations, in the case of verbs; the declensions in the case of nouns and adjectives, etc.).
I have tried, in addition, to gather words in groups that will help your memorization: for example, if you cannot immediately recall that the 3rd principal part of legô is lêgî, you might nonetheless recall that you reviewed it in the same company as other 3rd conjugation verbs that form the perfect stem by lengthening the root vowel (e.g., agô > êgî, and so on).
By using the "Find" function on your browser you can also use the list as both an English-to-Latin dictionary and (if you remember the long marks over the Latin vowels!) a Latin-to-English dictionary.
(This resource is based upon a wordlist compiled by Blair Haarlow, October 1995-March 1996. It has been sorted according to grammatical categories and converted by HTML by Bob Kaster.)
Table of Contents
Verbs:
1st Conjugation | 2nd Conjugation | 3rd Conjugation | 4th Conjugation | Irregular and Defective Verbs
Nouns:
1st Declension | 2nd Declension | 3rd Declension | 4th Declension | 5th Declension | Indeclinable Nouns
Pronouns :
Personal | Demonstrative and Intensive | Relative and Interrogative | Indefinite
Adjectives:
1st and 2nd Declension | 3rd Declension | Indeclinable Adjectives
Adverbs
Conjunctions:
Co-ordinating | Subordinating
Prepositions:
+ ablative | + accusative | + ablative or accusative
Verbs
First Conjugation
perfect marked by -âvî
amô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to love, like
ambulô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to walk
appellô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to call, name
cênô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to dine
cogitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to think, ponder, consider, plan
conservô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to preserve, maintain (stronger form of servo)
creô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to create
culpô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to blame, censure
cûrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to care for, attend to, heal, cure, take care
dêdicô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to dedicate
dêlectô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to delight, charm, please
dêmonstrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to point out, show
dêsiderô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to desîre, long for, miss
dubitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to doubt, hesitate
êducô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to bring up, educate
errô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to wander, err, go astray, mistaken
exspectô -âre, -âvî, -âtum look (out) for, expect, await
explicô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to unfold, explain, spread out, deploy
fatigo, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to weary, tire out
imperô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to give orders to, command (+ dat.)
invîtô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to invite, summon
laborô,-âre, -âvî, -âtum to labor, be in distress
laudô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to praise
lîberô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to free, liberate
libô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to pur a libation, to pour ritually, to sip or sample
mutô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to change, alter; exhcange
narrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to tell, report, narrate
navigô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to sail, navigate
necô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to murder, kill
negô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to deny, say that . . . not
nuntiô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to announce, report, relate
oblectô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to please, amuse, delight; pass time pleasantly
oppugnô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to fight against, attack, assault, assail
ornô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to equip, furnish, adorn
orô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to speak, plead; beg, beseech, entreat
parô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to prepâre, provide, get, obtain
pernoctô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to spend or pass the night
probô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to test, approve, recommend
pronuntiô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to proclaim, announce, declaim, pronounce
pugnô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to fight
putô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to reckon, suppose, judge, think, imagine
recitô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to recite, read aloud
recreô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to restore, revive, refresh, cheer
recûsô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to refuse
rogô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to ask
satiô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to satisfy, sate
serênô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to make clear, brighten, cheer up, soothe
servô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to preserve, save, keep, guard
spectô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to look at, see
spêrô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to hope for, hope (+ fut. infin. in indirect statement)
superô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to be above, surpass; overcome, conquer
tolerô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to bear endure
vîtô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to avoid, shun
vocô, -âre, -âvî, -âtum to call, summon
-âvî lacking as marker of perfect
adiuvô, adiuvâre, adiûvî, adiûtum to help, aid
dô, dare, dedî, datum to give, offer
iuvô, iuvâre, iûvî, iûtum to help, aid, assist, please
praestô, praestare, praestitî, praestitum to excel; exhibit, show, offer, supply, furnish
stô, stare, stetî, statum to stand, stand still, firm
deponent verbs
arbitror, arbitrârî, arbitrâtus sum to judge, think
conor, conârî, conâtus sum to try, attempt
for, fâri, fâtus sum to speak (prophetically) , foretell, talk
hortor, hortârî, hortâtus sum to encourage, urge
miror, mirârî, mirâtus sum to marvel at, admîre, wonder
opinor, opinârî, opinâtus sum to suppose
peregrinor, peregrinârî, peregrinâtus sum to travel abroad, wander
rusticor, rusticârî, rusticâtus sum to live in the country
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Second Conjugation
perfect marked by -uî/-vî
careô, carêre, caruî, caritûrus to be without, be deprived of, want, lack; be free from (+ abl.)
contineô, continêre, continuî, contentum to hold together, contain, keep, enclose, restrain
dêbeô, dêbêre, dêbuî, dêbitum to owe: ought, must
dêleô, dêlêre, dêlêvî, dêlêtum to destroy, wipe out, erase
doceô, docêre, docuî, doctum to teach
doleô, dolêre, doluî, dolitûrum to grieve, suffer, hurt, give pain
egeô, egêre, egui to need, lack, want (+ abl. or gen.)
expleô, explêre, explevî, explêtum to fill, fill up, complete
habeô, habêre, habuî, habitum to have, hold, possess, consider, regard
iaceô, iacêre, iacuî to lie, lie prostrate, lie dead
licer, licêre, licuit it is permitted, one may; (+ infin. + dat.; impersonal)
misceô, miscêre, miscuî, mixtum to mix
moneô, monêre, monuî, monitum to remind, advise, warn
noceô, nocêre, nocuî, nocitum to do harm to, harm, injure (+ dat.)
oportet, oportêre, oportuit it is proper, necessary, right [impersonal verb]
pareô, parêre, paruî to be obedient to, obey (+ dat.)
pateô, patêre, patuî to be open, lie open, be accessible, be evident
placeô, placêre, placuî, placitum to be pleasing to, please (+ dat.)
praebeô, praebêre, praebuî, praebitum to offer provide
prohibeô, prohibêre, prohibuî, prohibitum to keep (back), prevent, hinder, restrain, prohibit
studeô, studêre, studuî to be eager for, study (+ dat.)
taceô, tacêre, tacuî, tacitum to be silent, leave unmentioned
teneô, tenêre, tenuî, tentum to hold, keep, possess; restrain
terreô, terrêre, teruî, territum to frighten, terrify
timeô, timêre, timuî to fear, to be afraid of, be afraid
valeô, valêre, valuî, valitûrum to be strong, have power, be well
perfect marked by -sî
iubeô, iubêre, iussî, iussum to bid, order, command
maneô, manêre, mansî, mansum to remain, stay (behind) abide, continue
persuâdeô, -suâdêre, -suâsî, -suâsum to make sweet to, persuade (+ dat.)
remaneô, remanêre, remansî, remansum to remain, stay (behind) abide, continue
rideô, ridêre, rîsî, risum to laugh, laugh at
subrideô, -ridêre, -risî, -risum to smile upon
perfect marked by lengthened root-vowel
foveô, fovêre, fôvî, fôtum to cherish
invideô, invidêre, invîdî, invîsum to look at with envy, envy, be jealous of
moveô, movêre, môvî, môtum to move; arouse, affect
sedeô, sedêre, sêdî, sessum to sit
videô, vidêre, vîdî, vîsum to see; observe, understand (pass. = videor, vidêrî, vîsus, vîsus sum = to be seen , seem, appear)
no vowel-shift or tense-marker in the perfect
respondeô, respondêre, repondî, respônsum to answer
semi-deponent verbs
audeô, audêre, ausus sum to dare
gaudeô, guadêre, gavîsus sum to be glad, rejoice
soleô, solêre, solitus sum to be accustomed
deponent verbs
fateor, fatêrî, fassus sum to confess, admit
vereor, verêrî, veritus sum to respect, reverence, fear, be afraid of
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Third Conjugation
perfect marked by -uî/-vî
alô, alere, aluî, altum to nourish, support, sustain, increase, cherish
anteponô, -ponere, -posuî, positum to put before, prefer
cognôscô, cognôscere, cognôvî, cognitum to become aquainted with, learn, recognize; perf. know
cupiô, cupere, cupîvî, cupîtum to desîre, wish, long for
êripiô, êripere, êripuî, êreptum to snatch away, take away; rescue
exponô, exponere, exposuî, expositum to set forth, explain, expose
ignôscô, ignôscere, ignôvî, ignôtum to grant pardon to, forgive (+ dat.)
metuô, metuere, metuî to fear, dread
minuô, minuere, minuî, minûtum to lessen, diminish
petô, petere, petîvî, petîtum to seek, aim at, beg, beseech
ponô, ponere, posuî, positum to put, place set
quaerô, quaerere, quaesîvî, quaesîtum to seek, look for, strive for, ask, inquire, inquire into
rapiô, rapere, rapuî, raptum to seize, snatch, carry away
recognôscô, -nôscere, -nôvî, -nitum to recognize, recollect
requîrô, requîsîvî, requîsîtum to seek, ask for, miss, need, require
requiêscô, -quiêscere, -quiêvî, -quiêtum to rest
sapiô, sapere, sapuî to have good taste; have good sense, be wise
perfect marked by -sî (sometimes disguised)
accêdô, accêdere, accessî, accessum to come (to), approach
âmittô, âmittere, âmîsî, âmissum to lose, let go
admittô, admittere, admîsî, amissum to admit, receive, let in
carpô, carpere, carpsî, carptum to harvest, pluck, seize
cêdô, cêdere, cessî, cessum to go, withdraw; yield to , grant, submit
committô, committere, commîsî, committum entrust, commit (with dir. object and dative)
cônsûmô, cônsûmere, cônsûmpsî, cônsûmptum to consume, use up
contemnô, -temnere, -tempsî, -temptum to despise, condemn
dîcô, dîcere, dîxî, dictum to say tell, speak; name, call
dîligô, dîligere, dîlêxî, dîlêctum to esteem, love
discêdô, discêdere, discessî, discessum to go away, depart
dûcô, dûcere, dûxî, ductum to lead; consider, regard; prolong
fluô, fluere, flûxî, fluxum to flow
gerô, gerere, gessî, gestum to carry, carry on, manage, conduct, perfrom
intellegô, intellegere, intellexî, intellêctum to understand
iungô, iungere, iûnxî, iûnctum to join
mittô, mittere, mîsî, missum to send, let go
neglegô, neglegere, neglêxî, neglêctum to neglect, disregard
nûbô, nûbere, nûpsî, nûptum to cover, veil; marry (+ dat.)
opprimô, opprimere, oppressî, oppressum to supress, overwhelm, overpower, check
premô, premere, pressî, pressum to press, press hard, pursue
prômittô, prômittere, prômîsî, prômissum to send forth; promise
regô, regere, rêxî, rêctum to rule, guide direct
scrîbô, scrîbere, scrîpsî, scrîptum to write, compose
surgô, surgere, surrexî, surrêctum to get up, arise
trahô, trahere, trâxî, tractum to draw, drag, derive
vîvô, vîvere, vîxî, vîctum to live
perfect marked by lengthened root-vowel
accipiô, accipere, accêpî, acceptum to take, receive, accept
agô, agere, êgî, actum to drive, lead, dô, act
capiô, capere, cêpî, captum to take, capture, seize, get
cernô, cernere, crêvî, crêtum to distinguish, discern, perceive
côgô, côgere, coêgî, coâctum to drive or bring together, force, compel
contundô, -tundere, -tûdî, -tûsum to beat, crush, bruise, destroy
crescô, crescere, crêvî, crêtum to increase
dêcernô, dêcernere, dêcrêvî, dêcrêtum to decree
êiciô, êicere, êiêcî, êiectum to throw out, drive out
excipiô, excipere, excêpî, exceptum to take out, except; take, receive, capture
exigô, exigere, exêgî, exactum to drive out,force out, exact, drive through, complete, perfect
faciô, facere, fêcî, factum to make, do, accomplish
fugiô, fugere, fûgî, fugitum to flee, hurray away, avoid, shun
iaciô, iacere, iêcî, iactum to throw, hurl
incipiô, incipere, incêpî, inceptum to begin
interficiô, -ficere, -fêcî, -fectum to kill, murder
legô, legere, lêgî, lêctum to pick out, choose; read
patefaciô, patefacere, patefêcî, patefactum to make open, open; disclose, expose
recipiô, recipere, recêpî, receptum to take back, regain, admit, receive
relinquô, relinquere, relîquî, relictum to leave behind, leave, abandon, desert
suscipiô, suscipere, suscêpî, susceptum to undertake
vincô, vincere, vîcî, victum to conquer, overcome
perfect marked by reduplication of root
cadô, cadere, cecidî, casum to fall
condô, condere, condidî, conditum to put together or into, store; found, establish [a compound of do, dare]
credô, credere, credidî, creditum to believe (+ acc.), trust (+ dat.) [a compound of do, dare]
currô, currere, cucurrî, cursum to run, rush, move quickly
discô, discere, didicî to learn
parcô, parcere, pepercî, parsûrum to be lenient to, spare (+ dat.)
pellô, pellere, pepulî, pulsum to strike, push, drive out, banish
tangô, tangere, tetigî, tactum to touch
tradô, tradere, tradidî, traditum to give over, surrender, hand down, transmit, teach [a compoundof do, dare]
vendô, vendere, vendidî, venditum to sell [a compound of do, dare]
no vowel-shift or tense-marker in the perfect
bibô, bibere, bibî to drink
comprehendô, -hendere, -hendî, -hensum to grasp, seize, arrest; comprehend, understand
contendô, contendere, contendî, contentum to strive, struggle, contend; hasten
dêfendô, dêfendere, dêfendî, dêfensum to ward off, defend, protect
occidô, occidere, occidî, occâsum to fall down; die, set
ostendô, ostendere, ostendî, ostentum to exhibit, show, display
suspendô, -pendere, -pendî, -pensum to hang up, suspend, interrupt
vertô, vertere, vertî, versum to turn; change (avertô, turn away; revertô, turn back)
deponent verbs
êgredior, êgredî, êgressus sum to go out
loquor, loquî, loctus sum to say speak, tell
morior, morî, mortuus sum to die
nascor, nascî, nâtus sum to be born; spring forth, arise
patior, patî, passus sum to suffer, endure, permit
proficîscor, proficîscî, profectus sum to set out, start
queror, querî, questus sum to complain, lament
sequor, sequî, secûtus sum to follow
ûtor, ûtî, ûsus sum to use; enjoy, experience (+ abl.)
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Fourth Conjugation
perfect marked by -uî/-vî
audiô, audîre, audîvî, audîtum to hear, listen to
dormiô, dormîre, dormîvî, dormîtum to sleep
impediô, impedîre, impedîvî, impedîtum to impede, hinder, prevent
molliô, mollîre, mollîvî, mollîtum to soften; make calm or less hostile
nesciô, nescîre, nescîvî, nescîtum not to know, be ignorant
sciô, scîre, scîvî, scîtum to know
serviô, servîre, servîvî, servîtum to be a slave to, serve (+ dat.)
perfect marked by -sî
sentiô, sentîre, sensî, sensum to feel, perceive, think, experience
perfect marked by lengthened root-vowel
inveniô, invenîre, invênî, inventum to come upon, find
veniô, venîre, vênî, ventum to come
reperiô, reperîre, repperî, repertum to find, discover, learn, get
deponent verbs
experior, experîrî, expertus sum to try, test, experience
molior, molîrî, molîtus sum to work at, build, undertake, plan
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Irregular and Defective Verbs
adferô, adferre, attulî, allâtum to bring to
ait, aiunt he says, they say
coepî, coepisse, coeptum began; used only in the perfect system (incipio)
conferô, conferre, contulî, collâtum to bring together, compare
eô, îre, iî, îtum to go (and all compounds)
ferô, ferre, tulî, lâtum to bear, carry, bring; suffer endure, tolerate; say
fîô, fiêrî, factus sum to occur, happen, become; be made, be done
inquit he says or said after direct quotation
malô, malle, maluî to want (something) more, instead; prefer
nolô, nolle, noluî to not . . . wish, be unwilling
ôdî, ôdisse, ôsûrum to hate
offerô, offerre, obtulî, oblâtum to offer
possum, posse, potuî to be able, can could, have power
referô, referre, rettulî, relâtum to carry back, bring back; repeat, answer, report
sum, esse, fuî, futûrum to be, exist
tollô, tollere, sustulî, sublâtum to raise, lift up; take away, remove, destroy
volô, velle, voluî to wish, want, be willing, will
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Nouns
First Declension
feminine
adulescentia, -ae youth
amîca, -ae friend
amîcitia, -ae friendship
anima, -ae soul, spirit
aqua, -ae water
Asia, -ae Asia
casa, -ae house
causa, -ae cause, reason; case, situation (abl. w/ preceeding gen. = for sake of, on account of)
cêna, -ae dinner
clementia, -ae clemency, mercy, kindness
copia, -ae abundance, supply
culpa, -ae fault, blame
cûra, -ae care, attention, caution, anxiety
custôdia, -ae protection, custody; pl. guards
discipula, -ae learner, pupil
fâbula, -ae story, tale; play
fâma, -ae rumor, report; fame reputation
familia, -ae household, family
fêmina, -ae woman
fenestra, -ae window
fîlia, -ae daughter
fôrma, -ae form, shape; beauty
fortûna, -ae fortune, luck
Graecia, -ae Greece
gratia, -ae gratitude, favor (gratias agere + dative = to thank)
hasta, -ae spear
hôra, -ae hour, time
iânua, -ae door
iniûria, -ae injustice, injury, wrong
insula, -ae island
invidia, -ae ill-will, envy, jealousy, hatred
îra, -ae anger
Italia, -ae Italy
lacrima, -ae tear
lingua, -ae tongue; language
littera, -ae a letter of the alphabet (in plur. = a letter (epsitle), literature)
lûna, -ae moon
medica, -ae doctor
memoria -ae memory, recollection (memoriâ tenêre = "remember")
mênsa, -ae table
meta, -ae turning post (on a race-course), goal
mora, -ae delay, pause, hesitation
nâta, -ae daughter
nâtûra, -ae nature
patientia, -ae suffering, patience, endurance
patria, -ae fatherland, native land, country
pecûnia, -ae money
philosophia, -ae philosphy
poena, -ae penalty, punishment
porta, -ae gate, entrance
puella, -ae girl
regîna, -ae queen
Rôma, -ae Rome
rosa, -ae rose
sapientia, -ae wisdom
scientia, -ae knowledge
sententia, -ae feeling, thought, opinion, vote, sentence
stella, -ae star
terra, -ae earth, ground, land, country
Trôia, -ae Troy
turba, -ae uproar, disturbance
via, -ae way, road, street
victôria, -ae victory
vîta, -ae life; mode of life
feminine, plural only
Athênae, -ârum Athens
dîvitiae, - ârum riches, wealth
insidiae, - ârum ambush, plot, treachery
Syracûsae, - ârum Syracuse
masculine
agricola, -ae farmer
nauta, -ae sailor
poêta, -ae poet
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Second Declension
masculine nouns in -(i)us
animus, -î soul, spirit, mind (animi, -orum high spirits, pride, courage)
annus, -î year
coniûrâtus, -î conspirator
deus, deî god (dî = nom. pl., dîs = abl. pl. : deî deîs common in later Latin)
digitus, -î finger, toe
discipulus, -î learner, pupil
dominus, -î master, lord
elephantus, -î elephant
equus, -î horse
fîlius, -ii son
Graecus, -î a Greek
humus, -î ground, earth (with the locative form humî, "on the ground")
libellus, -î little book
locus, -î place (locî, -ôrum = passages in literature; loca, -ôrum [n.] = places)
lûdus, -î game, sport; school
medicus, -î doctor
modus, -î measure, bound, limit; manner, method, mode, way
morbus, -î disease, sickness
mundus, -î world, universe
nâsus, -î nose
numerus, -î number
oculus, -î eye
philosophus, -î philosopher
populus, -î the people, a people, a nation
servus, -î slave
somnus, -î sleep
tyrannus, -î absolute ruler, tyrant
ventus, -î wind
vîcînus, -î neighbor
vulgus, -î the common people, mob, rabble
masculine nouns in -(e)r
ager, agrî field, farm
liber, librî book
magister, magistrî schoolmaster, teacher, master
puer, puerî boy
vir, virî man, hero
neuter nouns in -(i)um
aedificium, -iî building, structure
argûmentum, -î proof, evidence, argument
auxilium, -iî aid, help
bellum, -î war
beneficium, -iî benefit, kindness; favor
caelum, -î sky heaven
consilium, -iî plan, purpose, counsel, advice, judgement, wisdom
dônum, -î gift, present
exitium, -iî destruction, ruin
exsilium, -iî exile, banishment
factum, -î deed, act, achievement
fâtum, -î fate, death
ferrum, -î iron; sword
forum, -î marketplace, forum
imperium, -iî power to command, supreme power, authority, command, control
ingenium, -iî nature, innate talent
initium, -iî beginning, commencement
iûdicium, -iî judgement, decision, opinion; trial
monumentum, -î monument
odium, -iî hatred
officium, -iî duty, service
osculum, -î kiss
otium, -iî leisure, peace
perfugium, -iî refuge, shelter
perîculum, -î danger, risk
praemium, -iî reward, prize
principium, -iî beginning
remedium, -iî cure, remedy
saxum, -î rock, stone
signum, -î sign, signal, indication, seal
sôlâcium, -iî comfort, relief
speculum, -î mirror
studium, -iî eagerness, zeal, pursuit, study
verbum, -î word
vinculum, -î bond, chain, fetter
vînum, -î wine
vitium, -iî fault, crime, vice
neuter, plural form only
arma, armôrum arms, weapons (plural)
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Third Declension
feminine nouns in -tâs
aestâs, -tâtis summer
cîvitâs, -tâtis state, citizenship
cupiditâs, -tâtis desire, longing, passion, cupidity, avarice
dignitâs, -tâtis merit, prestige, dignity
lîbertâs, -tâtis liberty
paupertâs, -tâtis poverty, humble, circumstances
probitâs, -tâtis uprightness, honesty
tempestâs, -tâtis season, weather, bad weather = storm
vêritâs, -tâtis truth
voluptâs, -tâtis pleasure
feminine nouns in -io
dêlectâtio, -tionis delight, pleasure, enjoyment
occâsio, -sionis occasion, opportunity
ôrâtio, -tionis speech
ratio, -tionis reckoning, account; reason, judgement, consideration
remissio, -sionis letting go, release; relaxation
feminine nouns in -ûs
salûs, salûtis health, safety; greeting
senectûs, -tûtis old age
servitûs, -tûtis servitude, slavery
virtûs, -tûtis manliness, courage, excellence, character, worth, virtue
feminine nouns in -x
arx, arcis stronghold, citadel
lêctrix, lêctricis reader
lêx, lêgis law, statute
lûx, lûcis light
pâx, pâcis peace
vôx, vôcis voice, word
feminine nouns denoting female persons
mâter, mâtris mother
mulier, mulieris woman
parens, parentis parent (of common gender-can be either masc. or fem.)
soror, sorôris sister
uxor, uxôris wife
virgô, virginis maiden, virgin
miscellaneous feminine nouns
arbor, arbôris tree
Cathâgô, Carthâginis Carthage
cupîdô, cupidinis desire, passion
laus, laudis praise, plory, fame
ops, opis help, aid; pl. power, resources, wealth
plebs, plebis the common people, populace, plebeians
vîs, - force; strength (in pl.) [an irregular noun: see Wheelock, pp. 89-90]
masculine nouns in -or
amor, amôris love
auctor, auctôris increaser, author, originator
audêtor, -tôris listener, (member of an) audience
dolor, dolôris pain, grief
honor, honôris honor, esteem; public office
imperâtor, imperâtôris general, commander-în-chief
labor, labôris labor, work, toil; a work, production
lêctor, lêctôris reader
orâtor, orâtôris orator, speaker
rûmor, rûmôris rumor, gossip
sator, satôris sower, planter; begetter, father; founder
scrîptor, scrîptôris author, writer
timor, timôris fear
masculine nouns denoting (generally) male persons
adulêscêns. adulêscêntis young man
Caesar, Caesaris Caesar
cônsul, cônsulis consul
dux, ducis leader, guide; commander, general
frâter, frâtris brother
fûr, fûris thief
iûdex, iûdicis judge, juror
mîles, mîlitis soldier
nepôs, nepôtis grandson, descendant
pater, patris father
rêx, rêgis king
sacerdôs, sacerdôtis priest
miscellaneous masculine nouns
as, assis an as (small copper coin: "penny" or "farthing"
sometimes are appropriate)
homô, hominis human being, man
môns, montis mountain
môs, môris habit, custom, manner; character (pl.)
nêmô no one (the oblique cases forms in common
use are: nûllîus, gen. [for nêminis]; nêminî, dat.;
nêmen, acc.; nûllô or nûllâ, abl. [for nêmine])
pês, pedis foot
sâl, salis salt; wit
sôl, sôlis sun
vesper, vesperis evening; evening star
neuter nouns in -en, -inis
carmen, carminis song, poem
flûmen, flûminis river
lîmen, lîminis threshold
nômen, nôminis name
neuter nouns in -us, -eris
genus, generis origin, kind, sort, class
opus, operis a work, task; deed, accomplishment
scelus, sceleris evil deed, crime, sin, wickedness
sîdus, sîderis constellation, star
vulnus, vulneris wound
neuter nouns in -us, -oris
corpus, corporis body, corpse
lîtus, lîtoris shore, coast
pectus, pectoris chest, heart
tempus, temporis time; occasion, opportunity
miscellaneous neuter nouns
aes, aeris bronze
caput, capitis head, leader; beginning; life; heading; chapter
iter, itineris road, route, journey
iûs, iûris right, justice, law
ôs, ôris mouth, face, cheeks
rûs, rûris the country, countryside (with the locative forms rûrî or rûre, "in the countryside")
i-stems
feminine
ars, artis art, skill
auris, auris ear
gens, gentis clan, race, nation, people
mors, mortis death
nâvis, nâvis ship, boat
nox, noctis night
nûbes, nûbis cloud
pars, partis part, share; direction
urbs, urbis city
vês force, violence; plural vêrês, strength (defective in the singular, lacking the genitive and dative)
masculine
cîvis, cîvis citizen
fînis, fînis end, limit, boudary, purpose; territory (plu.)
hostis, hostis enemy; the enemy (plu.)
ignis, ignis fire
neuter
animal, animâlis animal
exemplar, exemplâris example, model
mare, maris sea
moenia, moenium (plural only) walls of the city
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Fourth Declension
masculine
cursus, cursûs running, race; course
fructus, fructûs fruit, profit, enjoyment
metus, metûs fear, dread anxiety
senâtus, senâtûs senate
sensus, sensûs feeling, sense
spiritus, spiritûs breath, breathing; spirit, soul
transitus, transitûs passing over, transit, transition
versus, versûs line of verse
vultus, vultûs countenance, face
feminine
domus, domûs house, home (this noun also has the 2nd decl. gen. sing. form domî, the abl. form domô ["from home"], and the locative form domi ["at home])
manus, manûs hand, band; handwriting
neuter
cornû, cornûs horn
genû, genûs knee
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Fifth Declension
feminine
fidês, fideî faith, trust, trustworthiness, fidelity, promise, guarantee, protection
rês, reî thing, matter, business, affair (rês publica, reî publicae = commonwealth, republic
spês, speî hope
masculine
diês, diêî day
Indeclinable Nouns
nihil nothing (+ partitive gen. = "nothing of . . ." = "no . . .")
satis enough (+ partitive gen. = "a sufficiency of . . ." = "enough . . .")
all infinitives
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Pronouns
Personal
ego, meî I
tû, tuî you (sing.)
nôs, nostrum / nostrî we
vôs, vestrum / vestrî you (plur.)
is, ea, id he, she, it (also serves as a weak demonstrative, "this that," especially in correlation with relative clauses)
--, suî, sibi, sê, sê him/her/itself (reflexive 3rd person pronoun: Chapter 13)
Demonstrative and Intensive
hic, haec, hoc this man / woman / thing [right here] (also serves as an adjective)
ille, illa, illud that man / woman / thing [over there] (also serves as an adjective)
iste, ista, istud that man / woman / thing [near you / of yours], that no-good, rotten man / woman / thing (also serves as an adjective)
ipse, ipsa, ipsum he himself, she herself, it itself (also serves as an adjective)
îdem, eadem, idem the same man / woman / thing (also serves as an adjective)
Relative and Interrogative
quî, quae, quod who / which
quis, quid who? / what? (adjectival form = quî, quae, quod)
Indefinite
aliquis, aliquid someone / something (adjectival form = aliquî, aliquae, aliquod)
quîdam, quaedam, quiddam a certain man / woman / thing (adjectival form = quîdam, quaedam, quoddam)
quisque, quidque each person / thing
quisquis, quidquid whoever / whatever
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Adjectives
First and Second Declension
"regular" -us, -a, -um adjectives
acerbus, -a, -um harsh, bitter, grevious
adversus, -a, -um opposite, adverse
aequus, -a, -um level, even; calm; equal, just; favorable
amîcus, -a, -um friendly
antîquus, -a, -um ancient, old-time
avârus, -a, -um greedy, avaricious
beâtus, -a, -um happy, fortunate, blessed
caecus, -a, -um blind
candidus, -a, -um shining, bright, white; beautiful
cârus, -a, -um dear
certus, -a, -um definite, fixed, certain, reliable
clârus, -a, -um clear, bright; renowned, famous, illustrious
cupidus, -, -um desirous, eager, fond (often + gen.)
dignus, -a, -um worthy, worthy of (+abl.)
doctus, -a, -um taught, learned, skilled
dûrus, -a, -um hard, harsh, rough, stern, unfeeling, hardy, difficult
firmus, -a, -um firm, strong, reliable
fortûnâtus, -a, -um lucky, fortunate, happy
Graecus, -a, -um Greek
grâtus, -a, -um pleasing, agreeable
hûmânus, -a, -um pertaining to man, human, humane, kind, refined, cultivated
idôneus, -a, -um suitable, fit, appropriate
immôtus, -a, -um unmoved, unchanged, unrelenting
incertus, -a, -um uncertain, doubtful
infirmus, -a, -um not strong, weak, feeble
îrâtus, -a, -um angry
iûcundus, -a, -um pleasant, delightful, agreeable, pleasing
iustus, -a, -um just, right, fair
Latînus, -a, -um Latin
longus, -a, -um long
magnanimus, -a, -um great-hearted, brave, magnanimous
medius, -a, -um middle; used partitively, the middle of
merus, -a, -um pure, undiluted
mortuus, -a, -um dead
novus, -a, -um new; strange
paucî, -ae, -a few, a few (plural)
perpetuus, -a, -um perpetual, lasting, uninterrupted, continuous
plênus, -a, -um full
pristînus, -a, -um ancient, former, previous
pudîcus, -a, -um modest, chaste
quantus, -a, -um how large, how great, how much
rîdiculus, -a, -um laughable, ridiculus
Rômânus, -a, -um Roman
salvus, -a, -um safe, sound
sânus, -a, -um sound, healthy, sane
secundus, -a, -um second; favorable
stultus, -a, -um foolish
superbus, -a, -um arrogant, overbearing, haughty, proud
tantus, -a, -um so large, so great
vêrus, -a, -um true, real, proper
vîvus, -a, -um alive, living
urbânus, -a, -um of the city, urban, urbane
possessive adjectives
meus, -a, -um my
noster, nostra, nostrum our, ours
tuus, -a, -um your (sing.)
vester, vestra, vestrum yours (pl.)
suus, -a, -um his/her/its/their own (reflexive poss. adj of 3rd per.)
other 1st-2nd decl. adjectives with masc. nom. sing. in -er
asper, aspera, asperum rough, harsh
dexter, dextra, dextrum right, right-handed
lîber, lîbera, lîberum free
miser, misera, miserum wretched, miserable, unfortunate
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum beautiful, handsome; fine
sinister, sinistra, sinistrum left, left-handed
1st-2nd decl. adjectives with gen. sing. in -îus, dat. sing. in -î
ûllus, -a, -um any
nûllus, -a, -um not any, no, none
ûnus, -a, um one
sôlus, -a, -um alone, only, the only
neuter, neutra, neutrum not either, neither
alter, altera, alterum the other (of two), second
uter, utra, utrum either, which (of two)
tôtus, -a, -um whole, entire
alius, -a, -um (an)other
1st-2nd decl. adjectives with irregular comparative and superlative forms
bonus, -a, -um good, kind [comp.: melior, melius; superl.: optimus, -a, -um]
magnus, -a, -um large, great, important [comp.: maior, maius; superl.: maximus, -a, -um]
malus, -a, -um bad, wicked, evil [comp.: peior, peius; superl.: pessimus, -a, -um]
multus, -a, -um sing.: much, a lot; plur.: many [comp.: plûres, plûra; superl.: plûrimus, -a, -um]
parvus, -a, -um small, little [comp.: minor, minus; superl.: minimus, -a, -um]
superus, -a, -um above, upper [comp.: superior, superius; superl.: suprêmus, -a, -um and summus, -a, -um]
Note also:
prîmus, -a, -um first, foremost, chief, principal [this form is a superlative, corresponding to the comparative degree prior = "prior, earlier, previous"; there is no positive]
ultimus, -a, -um farthest, extreme; last, final [like primusthis is a superlative form; comp. = ulterior / "farther", no positive degree]
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Third Declension
adjectives with 3 nom. sing. endings
âcer, âcris, âcre sharp, keen, eager, severe, fierce
celer, celeris, celere swift, quick, rapid
adjectives with 2 nom. sing. endings
brevis, -e short, small, breif
commûnis, -e common, general
dulcis, -e sweet, pleasant, agreeable
fortis, -e strong, brave
levis, -e light, slight, trivial, easy
lîberâlis, -e characteristic / worthy of a free person, decent, liberal, generous
mediocris, -e ordinary, moderate, mediocre
mîrâbilis, -e amazing, wondrous, remarkable
mortâlis, -e mortal
omnis, -e every, all
suâvis, -e sweet
sublîmis, -e elevated, lofty, heroic, noble
tâlis, -e such, of such a sort
tristis, -e sad, sorrowful; joyless, grim, severe
turpis, -e ugly, shameful, base, disgraceful
ûtilis, -e useful, advantageous
NB: 2-ending adjectives with irregular superlative formation
facilis, -e easy, agreeable [superl: facillimus, -a, -um]
difficilis, -e hard, difficult, troublesome [superl: difficillimus, -a, -um]
similis, -e similar (to), like, resembling (+gen. or dat.) [superl: simillimus, -a, -um]
dissimilis, -e unlike, different [superl: dissimillimus, -a, -um]
gracilis, -e slender, thin [superl: gracillimus, -a, -um]
humilis, -e lowly, humble [superl: humillimus, -a, -um]
adjectives with 1 nom. sing. ending
absens, absentis (gen.) absent, away
dîligens, dîligentis (gen.) diligent, careful
dîves, dîvitis (gen.) rich (as noun: rich man, magnate)
fêlix, fêlicis (gen.) lucky, fortunate, happy
ingens, ingentis (gen.) huge
pâr, pâris (gen.) equal, like
pauper, pauperis (gen.) of small means, poor (as noun: pauper)
potens, potentis (gen.) able, powerful
princeps, principis (gen.) chief, foremost (as noun: leader / emperor / prince)
sapiens, sapientis (gen.) wise (as noun: wiseman, philosopher)
senex, senis (gen.) old, aged (as noun: old man)
vetus, (gen.) veteris old
Indeclinable
necesse necessary, inevitable
quot how many, as many
tot so many
cardinal numbers higher than tres / tria (but note milia, milium = "thousands")
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Adverbs
of emphasis / qualification / negation
etiam even, also
fortasse perhaps
ita so, thus
nê not (with iussive subjunctive in independent clause)
nôn not
quam as . . . as possible (w/ superl.)
quidem indeed, certainly, at least, even (postpositive)
quîn indeed, in fact
quoque also, too
sic so, thus
tam so, to such a degree
tamen nevertheless, still
tantum only
vêrô in truth, indeed, to be sure, however
of quality / quantity
acriter keenly
bene well
celeriter quickly
facile easily
fêliciter happily
fortiter bravely
fûrtim stealthily, secretly
libenter with pleasure, gladly
lîberê freely
longê far
magnopere greatly
malê badly
multum much
nimis, nimium too, too much, excessively
omnîno wholly, entirely, altogether
parum little
pulchrê beautifully
sapienter wisely, more, most
satis enough, sufficiently (also indecl. noun)
of time / space / sequence
cito quickly
cotidiê daily, every day
crâs tomorrow
dêhinc then
deinde thereupon, next, then
dênique at least, finally, lastly
diû for a long time
foris out of doors, outside
heri yesterday
hîc here
hodiê today
iam now, already; soon
ibi there
iterum again, a second time
mox soon
numquam never
nunc now, at present
nûper recently
olim at that time, once, formerly; in the future
posteâ afterwards
postrêmum finally, after all, for the last time
prîmô at first, at the beginning
prîmum in the first place
prius before, earlier, previously
prôtinus immediately
quondam formerly, once
repente suddenly
saepe often
semel once
semper always
tum then, at that time, thereupon
umquam ever, at any time (in questions or neg. clauses)
usque all the way up, even, continuously, always
interrogative adverbs
cur why
-ne (enclitic interrogative, marks question when attached to first word in clause)
nônne interrog. adverb, expected answer = "yes"
num interrog. adv., expected answer = "no"
quam how (+ adj. or adv.)?
quandô when
quârê wherefore, why
ubi where?
unde whence? from where?
exclamatory interjections
heu alas, ah
O oh
quam how (+ adj. or adv.)!
vae alas, woe
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Conjunctions
co-ordinating conjunctions (linking words, phrases, or clauses at the same level of syntax)
at but [emphatic; links full clauses only]
atque, ac and, and also, and even
aut (aut . . . aut) or (either . . . or)
autem however, moreover (postpositive; links full clauses only)
enim for, in fact, truly (postpositive; links full clauses only)
et (et...et) and (both...and)
igitur therefore, consequently (postpositive; links full clauses only)
itaque and so, therefore (links full clauses only)
nam for (links full clauses only)
neque, nec and not, nor (neque. . . neque / nec. . . nec = neither . . . nor)
quam than (w/ comparatives)
-que (enclitic) and
sed but
utrum . . . an whether . . . or [coordinating alternative questions]
-ve (enclitic) or
subordinating conjunctions (introducing dependent clauses)
cum when, since, although [+ subj.]; (precisely) when [+ indic.]
dum while, as long as, at the same time that [+ indic.]; until [+subj.]
dummodo provided that, so long as [+ subj.]
etsî even if, although
nê in order that . . . not [purpose]; that . . . not [jussive]; not [fear]
nisi if. . . not, unless; except
quasi as if
quod because
quoniam since, because
sî if
ubi where, when
unde whence, from what or which place, from which, from where
ut as, just as, when [+ indicative]; (in order) to [purpose], (so . . . ) that [result], (beg/persuade/order/urge . . .) to [jussive noun clause], that . . . not [fear]
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Prepositions
+ ablative
â/ ab away from, from; by (personal agent, use with passive verbs)
cum with (as prefix - com-, con-, cor-, col-, co- = together)
dê from, concerning, about
ex / ê out of, from; by reason of, on account of
prae in front of, before
prô in front of, before, on behalf of, in return for, instead of, as, for
sine without
+ accusative
ad to, up to, near to
ante before, in front of (as adv. = before, previously)
apud among, in the presence of, at the house of
contrâ against
ergâ toward
inter between, among
per through, thoroughly, very, completely (as prefix: per, pel-)
post after, behind (also a prefix)
praeter besides, except
propter on account of, because of
trans across
ultrâ on the other side, beyond (as adverb = beyond)
+ ablative or accusative
in in, on (+ abl.); into, onto, toward, against (+ acc. w/ motion)
sub under (+ abl. w/ verbs denoting no change of place; + acc. w/ verbs of motion)
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